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Authors
Bruns, Nora https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-1887
Brensing, Pia
von der Heiden, Linda
Dohna-Schwake, Christian
Schwarz, Simone
Wagner, Johanna
Huessler, Eva-Maria
Nonnemacher, Michael
Neumann, Anja
Valbert, Frederik
Neusser, Silke
Peter, Roman
Reinel, Dirk
Scheidt, Joerg
Siebenhaar, Yannic
Drescher, Johannes
Wogenstein, Florian
Hoerster, Laura
Schoppen, Berit
Abdin, Ala Edin
Marx, Sven
May, Petra
Hüsing, Anika
Stang, Andreas
Heinen, Florian
Bonfert, Michaela
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Innovationsfond des G-BA (01NVF23108)
Universitätsklinikum Essen
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Article History
Received: 12 May 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 30 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study and an amendment regarding focus groups was approved by the local ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen (24–12269-BO, 24-12269_1-BO). The study was registered at German Clinical Trails Register (DRKS00035623) on January 21 st, 2025 ( ). In case of relevant protocol modifications, approval will be sought from the study sites’ ethics committees and communicated with all local investigators. Due to the short follow-up period of 72 h, an updated informed consent form for protocol amendments will only apply for newly enrolled patients. Amendments will be made available at the official trial registration site.The parents or legal guardians of potentially eligible patients will be informed about the study after the initial triage in the ED. Parents will be informed by the on-call doctor in writing and orally about the purpose of the study, the associated effort, and the voluntary nature of participation before enrollment. Written paper-based consent for the collection and processing of data according to privacy regulations and for secondary analyses will be obtained on the same form.
: N/A.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
