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Authors
Riboni-Verri, Gioia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7688-7638
McMurran, Christopher E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8710-0930
Mukherjee, Trisha https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4058-0030
Daruwalla, Cyrus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2329-5329
Holland, Jonathon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6239-4306
Gautam, Riddhima
Chen, Benson S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8214-0186
Cutting, Emma
Qian, Wendi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4238-3471
MacManus, David
Chard, Declan T. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-2682
Brown, J. William L. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7737-5834
Coles, Alasdair J. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4738-0760
Cunniffe, Nick G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7562-2838
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Multiple Sclerosis Society (129)
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2025
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: We obtained ethical approval from the East Midlands–Nottingham 2 Research Ethics Committee (21/EM/0120). Written, informed consent to participate will be obtained from all participants.
: The authors confirm that all individuals involved in this trial have provided their informed consent for publication. Copies of the informed consent form are included as a supplement.
: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article: GRV, CEM, TM, CD, RG, BC, EC, and WQ have nothing to disclose. DC reports consulting for Hoffmann-La Roche. In the last 3 years, he has received research funding from Hoffmann-La Roche, the MS Society, the Medical Research Council, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre. He has co-supervised a clinical fellowship at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, which was supported by Merck. JWLB reports consulting and lecture fees from The Corpus, Biogen Idec and Novartis. AJC and NGC report grants from the MS Society of GB during the conduct of the trial. NGC additionally reports consulting, lecture and conference fees for Sanofi, Merck, Lucid group, and Progentos therapeutics.
