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Authors
Malički, Mario https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0698-1930
Nachev, Vladislav https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0521-6153
Wieschowski, Susanne https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0128-2938
Hildebrand, Nicole https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5868-2614
Gestrich, Stefanie https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1816-0693
Yerunkar, Samruddhi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0748-383X
Zavalis, Emmanuel https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-1362
Carlisle, Benjamin Gregory https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-0649
Franzen, Delwen L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9974-9115
Salholz-Hillel, Maia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1934-9504
Goodman, Steven N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3872-5723
Strech, Daniel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9153-079X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Carl Erik Levins stiftelse
Berlin Institute of Health
School of Medicine, Stanford University
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Accepted: 27 October 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: No ethics approval was needed as we analyzed publicly available data.
: MM and SNG are employed by Stanford University which is one of the universities whose trials were analyzed in this study. Mario Malički was an Editor-in-Chief of the Research Integrity and Peer Review journal. DS served as a member of the Sanofi Advisory Bioethics Committee until 2022 and received an honorarium for contributing to meetings.
