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Article History

Received: 8 April 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 1 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The SurfON trial received approval from the MHRA and the NHS Health Research Authority (REC Ref: 20/EM/0003) and the East Midlands Derby Research Ethics Committee. Parents of eligible infants receive verbal and written information, including a parent information leaflet. Those with legal parental responsibility are approached to discuss the trial, address questions, and obtain informed consent. Parents are given sufficient time to consider the information and may consult the research team or independent parties before deciding to participate. Informed consent must be obtained by a qualified study team member. Parents must personally sign and date the latest approved version of the informed consent form before any study-specific procedures are conducted. Non-English-speaking parents must have an interpreter available to participate.

: Not applicable — no identifying images or other personal or clinical details of participants are presented here or will be presented in reports of the trial results. The participant information materials and informed consent form are available from the corresponding author on request.

: P. H. is a member of the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Funding Committee (commissioning). P. H. also presented at a Scottish Neonatal Workshop funded by Cheisi Pharmaceuticals. D. G. S. has received honoraria in the past from Chiesi Pharmaceuticals for lecturing. C. C. R. has accepted speakers’ honoraria and consultation fees for educational activities initiated and promoted by Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Parma, Italy. E. M. B. has accepted speakers’ honoraria and consultation fees for educational activities initiated and promoted by Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Parma, Italy. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.