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Authors
Shah, Manish I. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0886-8747
Adelgais, Kathleen M.
Chamberlain, James M.
Wang, Henry E.
Morgan, Lindsey A.
Riviello, James J.
Said, Rana R.
Sullivan, Joseph E.
Ghaffari, Kimia F.
Kothari, Kathryn M.
Saidinejad, Mohsen
Lowe, Robert A.
Fowler, Raymond L.
Counts, Catherine R.
Morris, Claudia R.
Studnek, Jonathan R.
Glober, Nancy K.
Ward, Caleb E.
Clemency, Brian M.
Patrick, Nicholas
Munn, Rachel D.
Brant-Zawadzki, Graham M.
Martin-Gill, Christian
Nishijima, Daniel K.
Li, Kevin
Sepulveda, Neomi
VanBuren, John M.
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (U01NS114042)
Health Resources and Services Administration (U03MC54727)
Health Resources and Services Administration (UJ5MC30824)
Health Resources and Services Administration (U03MC28844)
Health Resources and Services Administration (U03MC22684)
Health Resources and Services Administration (U03MC00007)
Health Resources and Services Administration (U03MC00001)
Health Resources and Services Administration (U03MC33155)
Health Resources and Services Administration (U03MC33156)
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Article History
Received: 15 February 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
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: This human subject’s research study was approved by a single institutional review board at the University of Utah, with reliance agreements established at all participating sites, to have subjects enrolled through exception from informed consent, with subsequent notification and consent at the earliest feasible opportunity.
: This is not applicable, since the manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
: Claudia R. Morris receives funds from the following entities for the following reasons: UCSF-Benioff Children’s Hospital Oakland for the invention of several patents that include nutritional supplements; from Emory University School of Medicine for the invention of patents/patent applications for nutritional supplements and/or medical foods for autism/apraxia, coronaviruses, and pain; from Roche and CSL Behring for consultant fees; from TRILITY for service on the Scientific Advisory Board; from UpToDate for royalties as an editor for the sickle cell disease–fever and sickle cell disease–pain web-based references; and Food as Medicine Therapeutics, LLC, for her roles as the Founder and Executive Director. James J. Riviello’s spouse receives funds from UpToDate for her role as a section editor. Henry E. Wang receives funds from the Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians for his service as the editor in chief . The remainder of the authors (M. I. S., E. B. L., K. M. A., J. M. C., L. A. M., R. R. S., J. E. S., K. F. G., K. M. K., M. S., R. A. L., R. L. F., C. R. C., J. R. S., N. K. G., C. E. W., B. M. C., N. P., R. D. M., G. M. B. Z., C. M. G., D. K. N., K. L., N. S., J. M. V.) do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose. This information or content and conclusions are those of the authors and should not be construed as the official position or policy, nor should any endorsements be inferred by HRSA, HHS, or the US Government.
