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Development of a consensus extension of the estimands framework for cluster randomised trials (CRT-estimands): results from an international Delphi study

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-09352-1

Published Online: 2025-12-18

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Kahan, Brennan C.

Bahti, Melanie

Bi, Dongquan

Bretz, Frank

Collins, Gary S.

Copas, Andrew

Harhay, Michael O.

Li, Fan

Auriemma, Catherine L.
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00004/07)

Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00004/09)

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23-HL163402)

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (ME-2022C2- 27676)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-12-18

Version of Record valid from 2026-01-21
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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 28 November 2025

First Online: 18 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved as exempt by the University of Pennsylvania IRB (protocol #856,778).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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