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Article History

Received: 27 April 2025

Accepted: 14 December 2025

First Online: 30 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne (reference number 23-1367). Written, informed consent to participate will be obtained from all participants prior to enrollment in the trial.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain individual person’s data, images, or videos. A model consent form for study participation is available upon request from the corresponding author.

: GAB received honoraria for advisory board participation unrelated to this work and travel expenses for educational activities from Boston Scientific and Medtronic GmbH. LP has nothing to declare. JNPS was supported by the Cologne Clinician Scientist Program (CCSP, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, FI 773/15-1) unrelated to this project. CvdL was supported by the DFG (Project Number 502436811), unrelated to this project, and by the CCSP. CST received personal funding from Medtronic GmbH. VVV received honoraria for advisory board participation and speaker fees from Boston Scientific, Medtronic, and LivaNova. TAD’s work was supported by the CCSP. He additionally received speaker honoraria from Boston Scientific and Medtronic GmbH unrelated to this work. MTB received speaker’s honoraria from Medtronic GmbH, Boston Scientific, Abbott (formerly St Jude), GE Medical, UCB, Apothekerverband Köln eV, and Bial; research funding from the Felgenhauer-Stiftung, Forschungspool Klinische Studien (University of Cologne), Horizon 2020 (Gondola), Medtronic (ODIS), and Boston Scientific; and advisory honoraria for the Institut für Qualitaet und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen.