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Article History

Received: 29 October 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Before enrolment of the first patient, the ethics approval was obtained from the responsible ethics committee of the University Hospital Schleswig Holstein (UKSH), Kiel, Germany (Project Number D530/21, approval date 15 March 2022). A written informed consent will be obtained from all included patients. The study is carried out in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and in compliance with Good Clinical Practice. Data protection law is applicable, and the clinic will ensure the preservation of the pseudonymization of the participants by using a unique patient identification and randomization number.

: Participants will give their written informed consent that their anonymized data can be published in a scientific journal. Videos or images of individual patients will not be obtained.

: P. B. is employed by Aesculap AG. J. H. B., W. v. S., and T. T. are active as speakers for Johnson & Johnson Medical. J. H. B., T. T., and T. B. received grants for training with the da Vinci Xi Surgical System through Intuitive Surgical Sárl. J. H. B. works as a proctor for Intuitive Surgical Sárl. T. B. received the da Vinci® Xi Surgical System from Intuitive Surgical Sárl for the purpose of clinical research. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.