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Article History

Received: 6 October 2025

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Approval No. I-25PJ0781). It was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2500109659) on 23 September 2025 as a retrospective registration. Participant enrollment began after ethical approval was obtained and inclusion/exclusion criteria were confirmed. As the study involves critically ill patients who are intubated and sedated, informed consent is obtained from their legally authorised representatives (e.g., immediate family members) prior to enrollment. The representatives make their decision based on full and transparent information provided by the research team. If a patient later regains decision-making capacity, supplementary information may be provided upon request; however, retrospective re-consent is not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no financial conflicts of interest. Shenzhen Mindray Bio-Medical Electronics Co., Ltd. (Mindray) provided in-kind equipment support but had no role in the design, conduct, data analysis, reporting, or publication of the study.