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Article History

Received: 10 June 2024

Accepted: 28 February 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Suining Central Hospital (approval number: KYLLKS20240021). The principal investigator registered the project with the National Medical Research Registration and Filing Information System ( ) before the study’s initiation. The registration number is MR-51-24-011318 and has been synchronized with the China Clinical Trial Registration Center’s website ( ), where it is publicly accessible and regularly updated.There is no anticipated harm from participation, and the interventions (VR or HHVR) pose no known risks. Participants may withdraw at any time without penalty. No compensation is provided, and post-trial care is not necessary; however, contact information will be provided for any unexpected effects.This study adheres to the ITT principle and complies with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. The anticipated outcomes aim to inform global clinical practices and facilitate revisions to international guidelines. The study’s findings will be disseminated through publication in high-impact journals and presentations at national and international conferences in the fields of pain management, urology, and nursing.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.