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Article History

Received: 23 May 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 11 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: NN reports speaker fees from Bayer and AstraZeneca. EZ reports stock or stock options and travel support from their employer Novo Nordisk Inc. AH reports research grants from American Regent, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squib, Merck, Novartis, Verily, and consulting fees from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Bristol-Myers Squib, Myokardia, and Novo Nordisk. CL reports restricted stock units and travel support from their employer AstraZeneca. SB reports invention licensing fees for the airway device ReddyPort. TBS reports research grants from Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, GSK, Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Boston Scientific, and GE Healthcare; consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, IQVIA, Parexel, Amgen, CSL Seqirus, GSK, and Sanofi Pasteur; lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Novartis, Sanofi Pasteur, GE Healthcare, and GSK. JW reports consulting fees from Galapagos; travel support from Structure Therapeutics; advisory board membership for DCRI i-Cubed and Brooklyn College Cancer Center; roles as an independent board director for Structure Therapeutics, Phylaxis, Biosciences and Becton Dickinson and former chief medical officer for Johnson & Johnson; stock or stock options in Becton Dickinson, Structure Therapeutics, Phylaxis Biosciences and Johnson & Johnson. NC reports employment at the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, a non-profit organization that conducts work for government and private organizations, including pharmaceutical companies. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.