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Article History

Received: 13 January 2026

Accepted: 9 May 2026

First Online: 3 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The University of Birmingham Science and Technology Ethics Committee has given a favourable ethical opinion for the three trials. Relatedly the University of Birmingham is also acting as the sole sponsor.Local approvals have been sought from institutional ethics committees (IECs) in Portugal and Czechia: Académico Torres Vedras and Masaryk University, respectively.Details of all ethical approvals are as follows:1.  UK—Approved 06/05/2025 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics CommitteeUniversity of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom+44 (0)121 414 3344 ethics-queries@contacts.bham.ac.uk)Ref: ERN_3004-May20252.  PT—Approved 08/09/2025 Comissão de Ética e Deontologia da Faculdade de PsicologiaFaculdade de Psicologia, Alameda da Universidade, Lisboa, 1649-013, Portugal+351 217 943 655deontologia@fp.ul.ptRef: N/A3.  CZ—Approved 18/09/2025 Etická Komise pro výzkum Masarykovy Univerzity Research Ethics Committee at Masaryk University, Masarykova Univerzita, Žerotínovo nám. 617/9, Brno 602 00, Česká republika, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic+420 549 49 6290ekv@muni.czRef: EKV-2022-090

: Not applicable. No identifiable individual participant data will be published.

: The authors declare no competing interests.