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Article History

Received: 24 November 2025

Accepted: 6 July 2026

First Online: 23 July 2026

Ethics

Declarations: Dr. Gale reports personal support from the United Kingdom Medical Research Council Transition Support Fellowship during the conduct of the study; grants from National Institute for Health Research, Rosetrees Foundation, Canadian Institute for Health Research, Action Medical Research outside the submitted work; grants for research outside the submitted work and personal fees to support attendance at educational events from Chiesi Pharmaceuticals; he is chair of the NIHR Research for Patient Benefit London Regional Assessment Panel.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The National Neonatal Research Database has Research Ethics Approval (London Queen Square Research Ethics Committee Reference number 16/LO/1930) (availability of data and materials).

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.