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Article History

Received: 3 December 2024

Accepted: 27 June 2025

First Online: 11 July 2025

Declarations

:

: All methods, procedures, and sample collections involving earthworms, green tea waste, and brick kiln soot were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University Research Ethics Committee (UREC) of The Women University Multan, Pakistan, under reference number WUM/UREC/24–00067. All procedures and methodologies have been reported in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines (). Furthermore, all sample collections were carried out following the approved institutional protocols. The collection of samples of earthworms, green tea waste, and brick kiln soot for this study is conducted solely for educational research purposes, adhering strictly to the general publication standards and ethical guidelines of The Women University Multan, Multan-Pakistan. As per these guidelines, no specific permission is required for earthworms, green tea waste, and brick kiln soot samples collection in such contexts, provided the research is conducted responsibly and does not involve endangered or protected species or violate local environmental laws. All efforts are made to ensure ethical and sustainable practices during the collection process.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.