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Authors
Mahmood, Rashid
Bhawani, Showkat Ahmad
Shafqat, Syed Rizwan
Roland, Rachel Marcella
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 24 October 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: Permissions or licenses were not necessary to collect the water sample from the Sarawak Samarahan River.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
