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Authors
Krishnappa, Ganesh https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-7471
Ramesha, Devarahalli Kempegowda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3480-4109
Anjappa, Seetharamapura Balaji https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9473-9460
Anand, Praveena Bindiganavile https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7250-4599
Yusuf, Abdulfatah Abdu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8054-9022
Ammarullah, Muhammad Imam https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-7202
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Article History
Received: 16 July 2025
Accepted: 20 November 2025
First Online: 5 December 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any field-based environmental or biological sampling. The used temple oil utilized in this work was obtained as waste material from the local temple, and no private or public land sampling was required. All experiments were conducted entirely within institutional laboratory facilities following standard safety guidelines. Predictions and validation were performed using open-source software.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare the use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-assisted technologies in the preparation of this manuscript. Specifically, ChatGPT (version GPT-4, OpenAI) was used to improve the readability and language of the article. The AI tool was not used for data analysis, interpretation of results, or drawing scientific conclusions. All content has been reviewed and verified by the authors to ensure accuracy and integrity.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
