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Authors
Halima, Asmaa https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8372-5419
Khalifa, Magdi E.
Hosny, Nasser Mohammed https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-1480
Mortada, Wael I. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7797-0302
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mansoura University
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Article History
Received: 13 October 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 28 February 2026
Declarations
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: Treated sewage wastewater, Nile River water, and tap water samples were collected within Mansoura City, Egypt. Nile River and tap water samples were obtained from public water sources, while treated wastewater samples were collected from a municipal wastewater treatment facility. According to Egyptian environmental regulations, non-invasive collection of water samples for scientific research purposes does not require specific permits or licenses. All sampling procedures were conducted in compliance with institutional guidelines and national environmental legislation. This study did not involve human participants, animals, or protected species.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
