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Article History

Received: 15 November 2025

Accepted: 16 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study involved plant material only and did not involve human participants or animals. Hybrid poplar leaves were collected from naturally fallen plant waste in public areas. The plant material was taxonomically identified by Dr. Karzan Qurbani (Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Raparin). Collection complied with local environmental guidelines. No protected species were involved, and no specific permit was required for the collection of fallen leaves. A voucher specimen (Accession No. RAP-BIO-HP-2025-017) has been deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Raparin.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.