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Authors
Hadley, Simone
Zonnestein, Belinda
Jeffery, Jana
Nguyen, Yen
McAdam, Kevin
Digard, Helena
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Article History
Received: 12 February 2026
Accepted: 3 August 2026
First Online: 14 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: S.H., B.Z., J.J., Y.N. and H.D. were employees of BAT (Investments) Ltd at the time of the study. British American Tobacco wholly owns Nicoventures Trading Limited, a subsidiary that manufactures many of the products evaluated in this paper. K.M. is an independent consultant who provides scientific support to British American Tobacco.
