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Article History

Received: 10 March 2025

Accepted: 6 September 2025

First Online: 27 November 2025

Declarations

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: Canine samples were collected in the frame of a surveillance campaign for leishmaniasis approved by the Bolivian Ministry of Health, in adherence with the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals: 2012 Edition . Verbal consent was received for each dog from the owner to participate in this study. The results of the laboratory analyses were shared with the owners of the dogs or the shelter managers. Human blood samples were collected within a program of soil-transmitted helminths monitoring in nine rural communities of the Bolivian Chaco, including the four communities described in the study area. The study was programmed and conducted in agreement with the Ministry of Health of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (within the Convenio Ministerio de Salud y Deportes, Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia/Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad de Florencia, Italia) and with the support of the Guaraní political organization (Asamblea del Pueblo Guaraní). The study was approved by a local Ethics Committee (Colegio Médico de Santa Cruz, TDEM CITE No. 028/2017) and a written informed consent was obtained by a parent or a legal guardian of each enrolled child.

: All authors consent to publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.