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Authors
Osman, Tasneem
Chiuya, Tatenda
Fèvre, Eric M.
Junglen, Sandra
Borgemeister, Christian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TRR 228)
Schlumberger Foundation
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn
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Article History
Received: 27 July 2025
Accepted: 18 November 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study received ethical approval from three institutional review boards. Approval was obtained from the Center for Development Research (ZEF) at the University of Bonn and subsequently from the Scientific Ethics and Review Unit of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (SERU-KEMRI 3312), and the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) (ILRI-IREC2022-25), the latter two institutions based in Nairobi, Kenya and with boards approved by the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation. Before data collection, verbal consent was obtained from area chiefs and heads of selected households for the sampling of mosquitoes in the six study villages in the Rift Valley area, Baringo County, Kenya. All authors consented to participate.
: All authors consented to publish.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
