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Authors
Harl, Josef
Himmel, Tanja
Pacheco, M. Andreína
Weissenböck, Herbert
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
FWF Austrian Science Fund (P37076)
US National Science Foundation (NSF-DEB 2146653)
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Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 3 January 2026
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
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: The collection of blood samples from living birds was approved by the institutional ethics and animal welfare committee and the national authority according to §§ 26ff. of Animal Experiments Acts, Tierversuchsgesetz TVG 2012, Austria (BMWFW- 68.205/0036-WF/V/3b/2017). The samples collected by the Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology (University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna) were taken from carcasses submitted for routine pathological examinations. The samples from Germany originate from carcasses submitted to the Landeslabor Berlin-Brandenburg for routine diagnostics. No birds were euthanized for this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
