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Authors
Cardillo, Natalia N.
Villarino, Nicolas F.
Kappmeyer, Lowell S.
Chung, Chungwon J.
Suarez, Carlos E.
Bastos, Reginaldo G.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
USDA-ARS CRIS (# 2090–32000-044-000-D)
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Article History
Received: 3 October 2025
Accepted: 13 January 2026
First Online: 27 January 2026
Declarations
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: Blood from healthy, hemoparasite-free horses were used in this study to maintain in vitro cultures of T. equi and B. caballi . Blood collections were performed according to protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the University of Idaho (protocol # 2024–26) and Washington State University (protocol # 6982).
: Not applicable. No personal data or images of individuals were included in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
