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Authors
Mmweteni, Reuben E.
Philbert, Anitha B.
Mkandawile, Gustav
Abilahi, Faraji
Abbasi, Saidi
Msemo, Jamal
Milonge, Salum
Tumbo, Francis A.
Mwalugelo, Yohana
Muyaga, Letus L.
Msaky, Dickson
Kipekepeke, Abdallah R.
Okumu, Fredros O.
Kaindoa, Emmanuel W.
Baldini, Francesco
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-043574)
Academy Medical Science Springboard Award (SBF007\100094)
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 17 March 2026
Declarations
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: The volunteers were recruited only upon providing written informed consent forms. All the information about the study, including objectives, benefits, and potential risks, was explained to the volunteers in the local language (Swahili) so that they could comprehend prior to consenting. Ethical approval for the study was granted by the National Institute for Medical Research (Ref: NIMR/HQ/R.8c/Vol.I/2985).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
