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Authors
Shanks, Sarah
Duncan, Jennifer
Johnson, Nicholas
Goswell, Jake
Hartley, Catherine
Hassall, Richard
Purse, Bethan V.
Millins, Caroline
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Animal and Plant Agency
University of Liverpool Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
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Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 31 March 2026
Declarations
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: Participating farms were informed that all information provided would remain strictly confidential, be securely disposed of in accordance with the data protection act, and that all data would be summarized to ensure no farm would be individually identifiable. The work was carried out under the approval of the University of Liverpool Veterinary Research Ethics Committee: VREC1441.
: All participants consented to have their data published.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
