Zhang, Yun
Li, Jiaqi
Xie, Zhi
Han, Xican
Du, Wanying
Qiang, Yu
Ren, Guangxu
Lei, Sheng
Chang, Yunxing
Liu, Xianrong
Lai, Xiuyi
Wang, Yuan
Li, Xinhui
Zhou, Yunfei
Han, Wentao
Qi, Xuming
Wang, Hesheng
Lu, Gang
Funding for this research was provided by:
High-level talents project of Hainan Natural Science Foundation (822RC695 and 824RC516)
Academic Enhancement Support Program Project of Hainan Medical University (XSTS2025198)
Hainan Medical University Talent Development Project (XRC2021002)
College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project (S202411810053)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060375)
Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund (ZDYF2023SHFZ146)
Article History
Received: 21 February 2026
Accepted: 23 April 2026
First Online: 2 July 2026
Declarations
:
: The procedures on fecal samples of Eld’s deer with nondestructive collecting were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hainan Medical University (approval no. HYLL-2021-330). Written informed consent was obtained from forest rangers working in Hainan Bangxi Provincial Nature Reserve, who volunteered to participate in the survey.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.