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Authors
Pereira, André
Cruz, Adrian
Cruz, João
Garcia-Dios, David
Novo, Teresa
Maia, Carla
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (GHTM (UID/Multi/04413/2020) and LA-REAL (LA/P/0117/2020))
Consellería de Educación, Ciencia, Universidades e Formación Profesional (ED481B-2025/018)
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Article History
Received: 11 February 2026
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 30 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of IHMT (approval no. 13.21) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the IHMT Bioethical Commission and Portuguese animal welfare legislation (Law no. 92/1995). Animal participation was voluntary, requiring written informed consent from the legal detainer after reading an informational document about the study. Flea collection and animal handling were carried out by veterinarians, nurses, or technical assistants, ensuring minimal risk and no harm or distress to the animals.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
