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Authors
Makhanthisa, Takalani I.
Guarido, Milehna M.
Kemp, Alan
Rostal, Melinda K.
Karesh, William B.
Teigen, Johana
Anyamba, Assaf
Gregory, Nichar
Weyer, Jacqueline
Thompson, Peter N.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (HDTRA1-19-0033)
National Research Foundation of South Africa
AgriSETA of South Africa
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Article History
Received: 27 February 2026
Accepted: 1 July 2026
First Online: 18 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science Research Ethics Committee (REC067-21). The work was approved by the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development, Republic of South Africa (Sect. 20 permit: 12/11/1/1/4). Written and verbal consent to collect mosquitoes in the area was obtained from local chiefs and community leaders.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
