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Authors
Zhang, Danjie
Zhu, Zhiruo
Wang, Yanding
Zhu, Linyuan
Zheng, Zitong
Qu, Ruidong
Shao, Feng
Chen, Qiulan
Xu, Yuanyong
Zhang, Wenyi
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 11 August 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study did not involve any human intervention or clinical trials. The use of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) case data was based on routine public health surveillance activities in China. According to national regulations, such surveillance data are exempt from institutional ethics review. Therefore, ethics approval was not required for this study. As all data were anonymized and contained no personal identifiers or private health information, the requirement for informed consent was also deemed unnecessary. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
