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Authors
Yalcindag, Erhan
Karani, Benedict E.
Vasoya, Deepali
van Bunnik, Bram A. D.
Freeman, Emily June
Ngulu, Stephen
van Aardt, Richard
Toye, Philip
Sargison, Neil
Morrison, Liam J.
Bronsvoort, Barend Mark de C.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBS/E/D/20002173; BBS/E/RL/230002C; BBS/E/RL/230002D)
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Article History
Received: 7 November 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2026
First Online: 19 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The samples used in this study were obtained from the IDEAL project, which was reviewed and approved by the University of Edinburgh Ethics Committee (reference number OS 03–06) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi. A research permit was granted by the Kenya National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI; licence no. NACOSTI/P/19/1283, ref. no. 146290 and NACOSTI/P/21/9460, ref. no. 709857). Animal procedures and routine handling were conducted in accordance with protocols approved by the ILRI IACUC (reference no. IACUC2018-03/1; approved 22/07/2019). Standard procedures were used for the collection of blood and faecal samples for disease diagnosis and pathogen identification. Calves were restrained by trained animal health assistants or qualified veterinary surgeons. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines, national legislation, and ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from representatives of Ol Pejeta Conservancy.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
