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Article History

Received: 13 May 2020

Accepted: 16 September 2021

First Online: 7 October 2021

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained for Africa America Diabetes Mellitus (AADM) study from the National Institutes of Health, from the Howard University Institutional Review Board (IRB), and from the ethical committees in Ghana (University of Ghana Medical School Research Ethics Committee and the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Committee on Human Research Publication and Ethics), Nigeria (National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria [NHREC]), and Kenya (The Moi Teaching & Referral Hospital/Moi University College of Health Sciences -Institutional Research and Ethics Committee [MTRH/MU-IREC]). Ethical approval for the Howard University Family Study (HUFS) was obtained from the Howard University IRB. The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities (ARIC) study was approved by the IRB of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Johns Hopkins University, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Wake Forest University, University of Minnesota, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Baylor College of Medicine. The Cleveland Family Study (CFS) was approved by the University Hospitals Case Medical Center. The Jackson Heart Study (JHS) was approved by the IRB of the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson State University, and Tougaloo College. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) was approved by the IRB at each of the six field centers. All participants gave written informed consent prior to enrollments in the studies. All procedures have been performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.