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Article History

Received: 2 August 2021

Accepted: 14 March 2022

First Online: 31 March 2022

Declarations

:

: Written consent was obtained from all participants for each individual cohort in the present study. Consent for biological samples has been collected for research use. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Details for ethical approvals are included in the methods section and below:<i>Generation Scotland (GS):</i> Written consent was obtained from all participants in GS. The study was approved by the NHS Tayside Research Ethics committee (05/s1401/89).<i>Lothian Birth Cohort (LBC)1921 and LBC1936</i>: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Ethics permission for LBC1921 was obtained from the Lothian Research Ethics Committee (LREC/1998/4/183). Ethics permission for LBC1936 was obtained from the Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee for Scotland (MREC/01/0/56) and the Lothian Research Ethics Committee (LREC/2003/2/29).<i>The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)</i>: ALSPAC is an ongoing longitudinal population-based study that recruited pregnant women residing in Avon (South-West of England) with expected delivery dates between 1st April 1991 and 31st December 1992. The study website contains details of all the data that is available through a fully searchable data dictionary and variable search tool (). Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Consent for biological samples has been collected in accordance with the Human Tissue Act (2004).

: Not applicable.

: AMM previously received support from The Sackler Trust, Illumina and speaker fees from Illumina and Janssen. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.