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Authors
Cunningham-Oakes, Edward
Perez-Sepulveda, Blanca M.
Li, Yan
Hinton, Jay C. D.
Nelson, Charlotte A.
McIntyre, K. Marie
Wardeh, Maya
Haldenby, Sam
Gregory, Richard
Iturriza-Gómara, Miren
Hertz-Fowler, Christiane
O’Brien, Sarah J.
Cunliffe, Nigel A.
Darby, Alistair C.
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Bolton, Frederick J
Christley, Rob M
Clough, Helen E
Dawson, Susan
Deja, Elizabeth
Durie, Ann E
Hall, Neil
Howarth, Debbie
Hyseni, Lirije
Jackson, Kathryn
Jones, Lucy
Jones, Trevor
Orton, Lois
Pulman, Jane A
Radford, Alan D
Reaves, Danielle
Ruddock, Helen K
Snape, Darlene A
Stanistreet, Debbi
Thiele, Tamara
Williams, David
Winstanley, Craig
Dodd, Kate
Diggle, Peter J
Hale, Alison C
Rowlingson, Barry S
Anson, Jim
Corless, Caroline
Owen, Viki
Bennett, Malcolm
Bolton, Lorraine
Cheesbrough, John
Gray, Katherine
Orr, David
Wilson, Lorna
Dodgson, Andrew R
McEwan, Ashley
Cleary, Paul
Elliot, Alex J
Lamden, Ken H
Lighton, Lorraine
McCann, Catherine M
Pegorie, Matthieu
Schinaia, Nicola
Shah, Anjila
Smith, Gillian E
Vivancos, Roberto
Wood, Bernard
Bhatt, Rikesh
Hughes, Dyfrig A
Davie, Rob
de Lusigna, Simon
Ferreira, Filipa
Hriskova, Mariya
O’Sullivan, Sam
Shinneman, Stacy
Yonova, Ivelina
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections
Health Innovation Challenge Fund (WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354, WT096200, HICF-T5-354)
NIHR Senior Investigator Award (NIHR203756)
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Article History
Received: 12 November 2024
Accepted: 22 April 2025
First Online: 20 May 2025
Declarations
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: Members of the public with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, including a case definition of vomiting and diarrhoea, who sought health advice from general practices in the RCGP RSC NMN were invited to submit a stool sample for microbiological examination. Their consent for this procedure was sought because normal care would not necessarily entail stool sampling for most patients unless their symptoms were severe or had persisted for a long time. The North West - Greater Manchester East Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 15/NW/0233) and NHS Health Research Authority (HRA) Confidential Advisory Group (CAG) (CAG reference: 15/CAG/0131) granted a favourable ethics opinion for the INTEGRATE project. Approval was also granted by NHS Research Management and Governance Committees (including Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital Trust, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and the University of Liverpool Sponsor), the Lancaster University Faculty of Health and Medicine Ethics Committee, and the University of Liverpool Ethics Sub-Committees. An Information Governance Toolkit (IGT) from the Department of Health hosted by the Health and Social Care Information Centre (HSCIC) was also completed for the project, and all project research staff obtained Honorary NHS contracts, research passports, and letters of access, as necessary. We confirm that this research conforms to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: The publication was approved by the National Institute for Health and Care Research on 29 th March 2023.
: M.I.G. has received research grants from GSK and Merck, and has provided expert advice to GSK. M.I.G. has been an employee of GSK since January 2023, although the work presented here was completed prior to this date. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.
