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Authors
Lyu, Liwei
Fan, Yong
Vogt, Josef Korbinian
Clos-Garcia, Marc
Bonnefond, Amelie
Pedersen, Helle Krogh
Dutta, Avirup
Koivula, Robert
Sharma, Sapna
Allin, Kristine Højgaard
Brorsson, Caroline
Cederberg, Henna
Chabanova, Elizaveta
De Masi, Federico
Dermitzakis, Emmanouil
Elders, Petra J.
Blom, Marieke T.
Hollander, Monika
Eriksen, Rebeca
Forgie, Ian
Frost, Gary
Giordano, Giuseppe N.
Grallert, Harald
Haid, Mark
Hansen, Tue Haldor
Jablonka, Bernd
Kokkola, Tarja
Mahajan, Anubha
Mari, Andrea
McDonald, Timothy J.
Musholt, Petra B.
Pavo, Imre
Prehn, Cornelia
Ridderstråle, Martin
Ruetten, Hartmut
Hart, Leen M.‘t
Schwenk, Jochen M.
Stankevic, Evelina
Thomsen, Henrik S.
Vangipurapu, Jagadish
Vestergaard, Henrik
Viñuela, Ana
Walker, Mark
Hansen, Torben
Linneberg, Allan
Nielsen, Henrik Bjørn
Brunak, Søren
McCarthy, Mark I.
Froguel, Philippe
Adamski, Jerzy
Franks, Paul W.
Laakso, Marku
Beulens, Joline W. J.
Pearson, Ewan
Pedersen, Oluf
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, FP7/2007-2013, FP7/2007-2013, FP7/2007-2013, FP7/2007-2013, FP7/2007-2013, FP7/2007-2013, FP7/2007-2013)
Copenhagen University
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Article History
Received: 22 December 2024
Accepted: 30 June 2025
First Online: 15 July 2025
Declarations
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: The DIRECT study (Diabetes Research on Patient Stratification) was registered under ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03814915. Approval of the study protocol was obtained from each of the regional research ethics review boards separately: Lund, Sweden: 20130312105459927; Copenhagen, Denmark: H-1–2012-166 and H-1–2012-100; Amsterdam, the Netherlands: NL40099.029.12; Newcastle, Dundee, and Exeter, UK: 12/NE/0132. All participants gave written informed consent to participate in the study at enrollment and the research conformed to the ethical principles for medical research involving human participants outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: RK has received consulting fees from Novo Nordisk; he was also funded by a STAR Award Novo Nordisk co-financed PhD fellowship and a Novo Nordisk Foundation postdoctoral fellowship (NNF18OC0031650). PWF has received research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi Aventis and Servier, received consulting fees from Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Zoe Global Ltd and has stock options in Zoe Global Ltd. HR is an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim and a shareholder of Sanofi Aventis. MMcC declares that the views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health; he has served on advisory panels for Pfizer, Novo Nordisk and Zoe Global, has received honoraria from Merck, Pfizer, Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly, and research funding from Abbvie, Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Aventis, Servier, and Takeda; as of June 2019, he is an employee of Genentech, and a holder of Roche stock. BJ and PBM are employees of Sanofi Deutschland GmbH. IP is employed by Eli Lilly Regional Operations GmbH. HR is an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. MR is employed by Novo Nordisk A/S. OP and YF are co-founders of GutCRINE. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.
