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Article History

Received: 30 January 2025

Accepted: 15 July 2025

First Online: 4 August 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics and Institutional Review Board of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China (Approval No. TJ-IRB20230855). A waiver of written informed consent was granted because the patient-derived biospecimens used in this study were obtained from surplus surgical samples that would otherwise be discarded. Clinical specimens were registered and obtained from the Biological Specimen Bank of Tongji Hospital in full compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All specimens had been fully de-identified prior to their release for research use, ensuring the protection of patient privacy. The study involved no direct patient contact and posed minimal risk. Therefore, the IRB approved the waiver in accordance with institutional regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki.All animal experiments were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Approval No. TJH-20211109). All animal care and experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with the institutional guidelines, the ARRIVE guidelines, and the national regulations for the administration of laboratory animals in China (Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals, revised in 2017). Animal welfare was monitored throughout the study, and humane endpoints were applied where necessary. Euthanasia was performed in accordance with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals (2020 edition).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.