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Authors
Ingle, Danielle J.
Hawkey, Jane
Hunt, Martin
Iqbal, Zamin
Keane, Jacqueline A.
Afolayan, Ayorinde O.
Ahmed, Niyaz
Andleeb, Saadia
Ashton, Philip M.
Bogoch, Isaac I.
Carey, Megan E.
Chattaway, Marie Anne
Crump, John A.
Diaz Guevara, Paula
Howden, Benjamin P.
Izumiya, Hidemasa
Jacob, Jobin John
Judd, Louise M.
Kapil, Arti
Keddy, Karen H.
Kim, Justin Y.
Levine, Myron M.
Morita, Masatomo
Nair, Satheesh
Octavia, Sophie
Okeke, Iruka N.
Osadebamwen, Precious E.
Rahman, Sadia Isfat Ara
Rokney, Assaf
Rasko, David A.
Shamanna, Varun
Sikorski, Michael J.
Smith, Anthony M.
Sunmonu, Gabriel T.
Tagg, Kaitlin A.
Wick, Ryan R.
Dyson, Zoe A.
Holt, Kathryn E.
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT1195210, GNT2034741, GNT1196103)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR200915, #16/136/111)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (TyVAC, INV-009497, INV-000049, INV-036234)
National Institutes of Health (U19 AI110802-01)
National Institutes of Health,United States (NIH T32AI162579)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (F30AI156973)
Department of Health and Social Care’s Fleming Fund (SEQAFRICA)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Australian Research Council (DE250100677)
Marie Curie (845681)
Wellcome Trust (226432/Z/22/Z)
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Article History
Received: 4 October 2024
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: All research has been conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Each contributing study or surveillance program obtained local ethical and governance approvals, as reported in the primary publication for each dataset. Inclusion of data that were not yet public domain by August 2021 was approved by the Observational/Interventions Research Ethics Committee of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (ref #26408), on the basis of details provided on the local ethical approvals for sample and data collection (listed in Carey et al., 2023, Supplementary file 1).
: Not applicable.
: MML was a co-developer of a Trivalent Salmonella (Enteritidis/Typhimurium/Typhi Vi) conjugate vaccine with Bharat Biotech International and the Wellcome Trust. MML has also received payments from Pfizer for consultancy work. MML holds US patents for “Compositions and Methods for Producing Bacterial Conjugate Vaccines.” MML was a member of a NIH DSMB that oversaw US government-funded efficacy trials of COVID-19 vaccines. DSMB was disbanded after several vaccines were given Emergency Use Authorization. MML was a member of the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee of the FDA. IIB was a consultant for the Weapons Threat Reduction Program, Global Affairs Canada. AJP has been involved an Oxford University partnership with AZ for development of COVID-19 vaccines. AJP has received payments for consultancy work from Shionogi. AJP is chair of DHSC’s Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization, is a chair of WHOs Salmonella TAG, and was a member of WHOs SAGE. AJP received support from MRNA–Moderna. KLC has received payments from Pfizer for presentations and travel support from BD. INO has received payments from the Wellcome Trust for consultancy work and receives royalties for books or book chapters published via Springer, Cornell University Press, and Oxford University Press. INO has received travel support from BMGF, ESCMID, and the American ASM and has held leadership or advisory roles for Wellcome SEDRIC, the BMGF surveillance advisory group, the Thomas Bassir Biomedical Foundation, and International Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Solutions (ICARS) Technical Advisory Forum. ZI has received travel support from ETH Zurich. The remaining authors decare that they have no competing interests.
