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Authors
Biradar, Rahul
Kalim, Ubaid Ullah
Lönnberg, Tapio
Junttila, Sini
Suomi, Tomi
Norman, Sebastián Zúñiga
Starskaia, Inna
Paulin, Niklas
Mikkola, Lea
Vaarala, Outi
Rasool, Omid
Knip, Mikael
Elo, Laura L.
Lahesmaa, Riitta
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku
InFLAMES Flagship doctoral module
National Institutes of Health (HD040364, HD042444, HD051997)
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
European Research Council (ERC 677943)
European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (955321)
Research Council of Finland (310561, 314443, 329278, 335434, 335611, 341342)
Research Council of Finland (250114, 292335, 294337, 292482, 319280, 329277, 331793, 335435, 31444)
Sigrid Juselius Foundation
InFLAMES Flagship Programme (337530)
Biocenter Finland
ELIXIR Finland
Breakthrough T1D Foundation
Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF19OC0057218)
Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation
Finnish Cancer Foundation
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study conformed to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration in the Ethics approval and consent to participate. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the participating centers in Trial to Reduce Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) in Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) cohort study [ ].
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
