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Article History

Received: 13 September 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by The University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (2023/HE000027) and the institutional ethics committee of the Associação Hospitalar de Proteção à Infância Dr. Raul Carneiro (Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, Brazil) (Parecer No. 5.918.107; CAAE 80073124.9.3001.0097/2025). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the institutional ethics committee, as this study utilized de-identified archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from the institutional biobank with no direct patient contact, in accordance with Brazilian National Health Council Resolution 466/12. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: FSFG is a Board Member of Cure Cancer Australia Foundation and member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of ANZSA. WN is a member of the board of directors of ANZSA. Authors AM is the CSO and Co-Founder of Enable Medicine. AK is on the Scientific Advisory Board for Omapix Solutions, Predxbio, Molecular Instruments, and Visiopharm. Sanofi TSH, Microba Life Sciences, and Cartherics sponsor research in the laboratory of F.S.F.G. None of these companies have a commercial, proprietary, or financial interest in this study. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.