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Authors
Umapathysivam, Mahesh M.
Araldi, Elisa
Hastoy, Benoit
Dawed, Adem Y.
Vatandaslar, Hasan
Mayrhofer, Johanna E.
Lindquist, Peter
Silva, Pamuditha N.
Goga, Algera
Trüllinger, Geraldine O.
Godbersen, Svenja
Sengupta, Shahana
Kaufmann, Adrian
Thomsen, Søren Krogsgaard
Hartmann, Bolette
Chen, Yi-Chun
Jonsson, Anna E.
Kabakci, Hasan
Thaman, Swaraj
Grarup, Niels
Have, Christian T.
Pallo, Lindsay P.
Faerch, Kristine
Gjesing, Anette P.
Nawaz, Sameena
Cheeseman, Jane
Neville, Matthew J.
Pedersen, Oluf
Walker, Mark
Sun, Han
Jennison, Christopher
Hattersley, Andrew T.
Rehfeld, Jens F.
Holman, Rury R.
Verchere, Bruce C.
Hansen, Torben
Karpe, Fredrik
Holst, Jens J.
Rosenkilde, Mette M.
Jones, Angus G.
Ristow, Michael
McCarthy, Mark I.
Pearson, Ewan R.
Stoffel, Markus
Gloyn, Anna L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust
Medical Research Council
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
Horizon 2020
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 19 March 2026
First Online: 29 March 2026
Declarations
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: A prospective observational study was conducted. All volunteers provided written informed consent. The protocol was approved by Oxford B NRES Research Ethics Committee (15/SC/0072) and registered via clincaltrial.gov (NCT02723110). All research presented conformed with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: MMU has received an honorarium from Boehringer Ingelheim and has received a project grant from AstraZeneca. ERP has received honoraria from Lilly, Sanofi and Illumina. MIM holds stock options in Roche. ALG’s spouse is an employee of Genentech and holds stock options in Roche. M.M.R is co-founder and minority shareholder of Antag Therapeutics ApS. M.M.R. is co-founder and minority shareholders of Bainan Biotech ApS. M.M.R. is chairman of the board of directors (Bainan Biotech ApS). C.B.V. is co-founder, advisor, and holds founder’s shares in Integrated Nanotherapeutics. R.R.H. reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Lilly and Novartis. KF is currently employed by and holds shares in Novo Nordisk A/S. The remaining authors declare that they do not have any competing interests.All animal experiments were in accordance with institutional guidelines and approved by the kantonale Veterinäramt Zürich (ZH186/2020, ZH228/2020, ZH251/2019, ZH043/2019).
