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Authors
Chang, Xuling https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-4768
Li, Zheng
Thai, Phan Vuong Khac
Ha, Dang Thi Minh
Thuong, Nguyen Thuy Thuong
Wee, Denise
Subhan, Alya Sufiyah Binte Mohamed
Silcocks, Matthew https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1527-5168
Chee, Cynthia Bin Eng
Nhu, Nguyen Thi Quynh
Heng, Chew-Kiat
Teo, Yik Ying
Singhal, Amit
Oehlers, Stefan H
Yuan, Jian-Min
Koh, Woon-Puay
Caws, Maxine
Khor, Chiea Chuen
Dorajoo, Rajkumar
Dunstan, Sarah J https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-933X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome (206724/Z/17/Z)
Wellcome (research training fellowship 081814/Z/06/Z)
NHMRC/A*STAR joint call (APP1056689/12/1/21/24/6689)
NHMRC/A*STAR joint call (APP1056689/12/1/21/24/6689)
A*STAR BMRC CRF award
NIH grant (HL153162)
the National Medical Research Council, Singapore (CSA-SI (MOH-000434))
National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia (Investigator grant APP1172853)
the USA National Institute of Health (U19AI162583)
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Article History
Received: 6 August 2025
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 27 May 2026
Declarations
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: SCHS was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the National University of Singapore. The study involving Vietnamese was approved by the IRBs of the Hospital for Tropical Diseases HCMC Vietnam, Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital for Tuberculosis and Lung Disease HCMC Vietnam, Health Services of HCMC Vietnam, the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee, Oxford University UK and the University of Melbourne Human Research Ethics Committee, Melbourne Australia (ID 21973). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants for both studies. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
