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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 20 May 2026

First Online: 28 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Human genomic data used in this study were obtained from the St. Jude Cloud Genomics Platform under approved data access agreements. As this study used only de-identified, previously collected genomic data accessed through an approved data sharing platform, additional IRB review was not required. Patients that were diagnosed at Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego provided consent under the protocol  Molecular Tumor Profiling Platform for Oncology Patients  (IRB 190055), approved by the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Institutional Review Board.NOD-SCID IL2Rg null (NSG) mice used for intracranial human tumor transplantation were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory (#005557). All animal experiments were performed in accordance with national guidelines and regulations and were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committees at Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute under AUF #24–025.

Consent for publication: Patient consent protocols, active monitoring for consent revocation, and sample de-identification are validated within the St. Jude Cloud data processing pipeline in accordance with legal and ethical guidelines as described in McLeod et al. 2021 [ ]. All patient data used in this study were de-identified prior to access and no individually identifiable patient information is included in this publication.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.