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Authors
Ao, Xiang
Kolifarhood, Goodarz
Parisien, Marc
Bortsov, Andrey
Grant, Audrey V.
Diatchenko, Luda
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Louise and Alan Edwards Foundation
Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada (CERC09)
Canadian Institutes of Health Research (81528)
Canada Research Chairs (CRC-2019-00250)
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2026
Accepted: 15 July 2026
First Online: 24 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for UK Biobank data was granted by the North West Centre for Research Ethics Committee (11/NW/0382), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The work described herein was approved by the UK Biobank under application number 20802. The All of Us data used in this study were originally collected by the All of Us Research Program under its informed consent process. Only de-identified data were accessed for the present analysis, and no direct contact with participants occurred. For Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging, data were collected under ethics approval of the Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues Committee, which was formed by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. All informed consent and ethical approval were obtained in the original studies. The FinnGen and the Million Veteran Program data used in this study were obtained from publicly available summary statistics. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
