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Article History

Received: 25 January 2020

Accepted: 30 March 2020

First Online: 7 April 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Epidemiological Research in Japan. The institutional review board of Tokyo Medical and Dental University as the main center (approval number: M2000-2084-01) and the additional 23 institutions approved our retrospective study without personally identifiable information. Patients received posters informing the present study, or the posters were displayed in the outpatient clinic of each facility.

: Not applicable

: TS has received research grants and/or honoraria from Abbvie Japan Co., Ltd., AsahiKASEI Co., Ltd.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Ayumi Pharmaceutical; Bristol Myers Squibb K.K.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Daiichi Sankyo; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Ono Pharmaceutical; Pfizer Japan, Inc.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and UCB Japan Co., Ltd. Tokyo Medical and Dental University received unrestricted research grants from Department of Lifetime Clinical Immunology from Ayumi Pharmaceutical Corporation; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; CSL Behring K.K.; Japan Blood Products Organization; and UCB Japan Co., Ltd. HH has received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Bristol Myers Squibb K.K.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; AsahiKASEI Co., Ltd.; Teijin Pharma Ltd.; and Abbvie Japan Co., Ltd. HAU belongs to the Department of Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease which is endowed by Chugai Pharmaceutical, MSD, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Kawanishi Holdings. HY has received lecture fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd. YW have received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. EA belongs to the Department of Therapeutic Strategy for Heart Failure, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, which is endowed by Actelion Pharmaceuticals Japan Ltd., Otsuka Pharmaceutical, NIPRO CORPORATION, Terumo Corp., Senko Medical Instrument Mfg., Century Medical Inc., Kinetic Concepts Inc., and St. Jude Medical. EA has received honoraria from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin. Ltd., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. YM has received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. MK has nothing to declare. YM has received honoraria from Abbvie, Astellas, Ayumi Pharmaceutical, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eisai Pharmaceutical, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Kissei Pharmaceutical, Nippon Kayaku, Pfizer Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, and UCB Pharmaceutical and has received research grant support from Asahi Kasei Pharma, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai Pharmaceutical, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Nippon Kayaku, Ono Pharmaceutical, Gilead Sciences Inc., Janssen Pharmaceutical, and Teijin Pharma. NO and SF have nothing to declare. YK has received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Glaxo-Smithkline K.K.; Sanofi K.K.; Pfizer Japan Inc.; and Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp. YK has received consulting fees from Chugai, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Asahi Kasei, and UCB and speakers’ fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Daiichi Sankyo, AbbVie, Nippon Shinyaku, and Towa. TN has received research grants and lecture fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. TO has received research grants from Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Pharmaceutical.; and Actelion. YT has received consulting fees, speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Daiichi-Sankyo, Astellas, Pfizer, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Bristol-Myers, Chugai, YL Biologics, Eli Lilly, Sanofi, Janssen, and UCB and has received research grants from Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Takeda, Bristol-Myers, Chugai, Astellas, Abbvie, MSD, Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer, Kyowa-Kirin, Eisai, and Ono. TT has received research grants from Astellas, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda, AbbVie, Asahi Kasei, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Pfizer, Eisai, AYUMI, Nippon Kayaku, and Novartis; has received consulting fees from Astra Zeneca, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Mitsubishi Tanabe, AbbVie, Nippon Kayaku, Janssen, Astellas, Taiho, Chugai, Taisho Toyama, GlaxoSmithKline, and UCB; and has served on speakers’ fees for AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Pfizer, Astellas, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Sanofi, Teijin, Takeda, and Novartis. YN has received research grants from Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd.; has received consulting fees and/or lecture fees and/or research grants from Chugai; has received consulting fees and/or lecture fees from AbbVie; and has received lecture fees from Astellas, Pfizer, MSD, Daiichi Sankyo, and Kowa. YA has received honoraria from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Teijin Pharma, Ltd.; Asahi Kasei Corporation; AbbVie GK; F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd.; GlaxoSmithKline K.K.; KYORIN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Company, Ltd.; and Astellas Pharma Inc. MH has received research grants and/or honoraria from Abbott Japan Co., Ltd.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.; Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Teijin Pharma, Ltd.; and Pfizer Japan Inc. MI has received research grants and/or honoraria from Chugai, Ono, Otsuka, Teijin, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, and Daiichi Sankyo.