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Article History

Received: 7 October 2024

Accepted: 8 March 2025

First Online: 21 March 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by an Independent Ethics Committee and/or Institutional Review Board at each trial site, as listed in the primary publications on the results of these trials [, ]. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before study entry.

: Not applicable.

: Oliver Distler has/had consultancy relationship with and/or has received research funding from and/or has served as a speaker for the following companies in the area of potential treatments for SSc and its complications in the last three years: 4P-Pharma, Abbvie, Acceleron, Alcimed, Altavant, Amgen, AnaMar, Argenx, Arxx, AstraZeneca, Blade, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cantargia, Catalyze Capital, Corbus, CSL Behring, Galderma, Galapagos, Glenmark, Gossamer, Horizon, Janssen, Kymera, Lupin, Medscape, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Miltenyi Biotec, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Nkarta, Novartis, Orion, Prometheus, Redx, Roivant, EMD Serono, Topadur, UCB; he has a patent issued “mir-29 for the treatment of systemic sclerosis” (US8247389, EP2331143) and is a co-founder of CITUS AG. Madelon C Vonk reports research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Ferrer, Galapagos, Janssen; she acts as a speaker for Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis and a board member for EUSTAR and Systemic Sclerosis ERN ReCONNET. Arata Azuma reports acting as a consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim, Kyorin Pharma, Taiho, Toray and acting as a speaker and receiving research support from Boehringer Ingelheim. Maureen D Mayes has received research support from Boehringer Ingelheim, Corbus, Eicos, Horizon Pharma, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Prometheus and royalties from the British Medical Journal, Oxford University Press and Springer International Publishing; she has acted as a speaker for Medtelligence and as an advisor or review panel member for Boehringer Ingelheim, EICOS, Mitsubishi Tanabe. Dinesh Khanna has acted as a consultant for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, CSL Behring, Genentech, Horizon Therapeutics, Janssen, Prometheus, UCB; as a speaker for Jannsen; and as a member of a data safety monitoring board for AbbVie; he has received research support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Horizon Therapeutics, Pfizer and royalties for the University of California Los Angeles Scleroderma Clinical Trials Consortium (SCTC) Gastrointestinal Tract instrument 2.0. Kristin B Highland has acted as a consultant and speaker for and received research support from Boehringer Ingelheim and acted as an advisor or review panel member for the Scleroderma Foundation. Gerrit Toenges and Margarida Alves are employees of Boehringer Ingelheim. Yannick Allanore has acted as an advisor or review panel member for AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chemomab, Curzion, Medsenic, Menarini, Prometheus, Sanofi; as a consultant for Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi; and as a speaker for AbbVie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Janssen.