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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 3 October 2025

First Online: 29 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The KEEPsAKE 1 (NCT03675308) and KEEPsAKE 2 (NCT03671148) trials were conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines, applicable regulations governing clinical trial conduct, and the Declaration of Helsinki 1964 and its later amendments. The trial protocols were approved by an independent ethics committee (IEC)/institutional review board (IRB) at each study site per Good Clinical Practice (GCP). All patients provided written informed consent prior to screening.

: Not applicable.

: Financial arrangements of the authors with companies whose products may be related to the present manuscript are listed, as declared by the authors. LG has received research grants from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Novartis, and UCB, and has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Alfasigma, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celltrion, J&J, Eli Lilly, Moonlake, Novartis, Pfizer, STADA, and UCB, and has received non-financial support from AbbVie, Amgen, Biogen, Celltrion, Janssen, Pfizer, and UCB. AB has received speaker and consulting fees from AbbVie, Alphasigma, Angelini, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Berlin-Chemie, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Teva, UCB, and Zentiva, and she was an investigator in clinical trials sponsored by Akros, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, MSD, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Pfizer, and UCB. MADA has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Novartis, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, and Pfizer, and has received honoraria from AbbVie, Novartis, Amgen, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Galapagos, and Pfizer. AO has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, CorEvitas, Gilead, GSK, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Takeda, Treg, Spyre, Pfizer, and UCB, and has received grants/research support from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Forward–The National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases, and NIH NIAMS. PS has received grants and research support from AbbVie, Celgene, Chugai, Janssen-Cilag, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, and UCB, and has received consulting fees from AbbVie, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, Hexal, Janssen-Cilag, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, and UCB, and has received speaker fees from AbbVie, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Chugai, Hexal, Janssen-Cilag, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, and UCB. YD, LS, YS, SZ, YX, and RL are full-time employees of AbbVie and may hold AbbVie stock and/or stock options; MK has received speaker fees from AbbVie, Amgen K.K., Asahi Kasei, AYUMI Pharmaceutical Corporation, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, Eli Lilly, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Mitsubishi-Tanabe, Novartis, and UCB.