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Article History

Received: 15 May 2025

Accepted: 7 November 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Animal experiments using the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model were conducted in accordance with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines and the animal welfare regulations of the U.S. federal and state regulations. The study was performed at Aragen, California, under protocol AUP# 20-0723-MR-1: Exploratory Study: Evaluation of Prophylactic or Therapeutic Efficacy of Test Compounds in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice .Experiments using the Fra-2 model were conducted in compliance with EU legislation for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes (Directive 2010/63/EU) and were approved by the relevant ethics committee and the French Ministry of Research (APAFIS#23366-2019070110126750v5).

: Not applicable.

: G.B. received an honorarium from Boehringer for conference attendance.Y.A. received consulting honoraria from AstraZeneca, Boehringer, AbbVie, GSK, Novartis, Topadur, Prometheus, Galderma, Janssen, and Medsenic for work related to the management and treatment of systemic sclerosis.J.T.R. is a shareholder in Corvus Pharmaceuticals and was employed by the company at the time this work was conducted.L.Y.H. is an employee of Corvus Pharmaceuticals and holds stock and stock options in the company.R.A.M. is an employee of Corvus Pharmaceuticals and holds stock and stock options in the company.Over the past three years, C.G. has received research grants from MSD, Corteria, Structure Therapeutics (formerly ShouTi), Gossamer Bio, and Diagonal Therapeutics, all unrelated to the submitted work.