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Article History

Received: 19 August 2025

Accepted: 3 January 2026

First Online: 16 January 2026

Change Date: 16 February 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: Affiliation added to author Yuanyuan Jiang as follows "Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Declarations

:

: All animal experiments were performed according to the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the National University of Singapore under protocol R18-1295: Role of mesenchymal stem cell secretome in cartilage regeneration and potential for development of novel cell-free therapeutics. The protocol has been reviewed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the National University of Singapore and approved on April 7, 2021.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.