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Article History

Received: 8 July 2025

Accepted: 15 January 2026

First Online: 11 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of University of Wuerzburg (Code: 30/21-me). All participants gave their written informed consent to participate in the study. Non-GCA patients were analyzed as part of an approved retrospective study (Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of University of Wuerzburg, 20210726 02). All data were collected in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Patients or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of our research.

: Not applicable.

: MF received speaker’s fees, travel grants or compensation for board memberships from AbbVie, Novartis, Janssen, and Eli Lilly. MG received travel grants, compensation for advisory boards or speaker’s fees from AbbVie, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Hexal, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Takeda. MS received speaker’s fees, travel grants, research funding, or compensation for consultancies or board memberships from AbbVie, Actelion, AstraZeneca, BMS, Boehringer/Ingelheim, Celgene, Chugai/Roche, Eli Lilly, Genzyme, Gilead, Hexal/Sandoz, Janssen-Cilag, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur, Takeda (Shire), UCB (less than $ 10,000 each). AKB has received speaker honoraria from Novartis/AAA and PentixaPharm, is a board member/officer/trustee for PentixaPharm, and is involved in [ 68 Ga]PentixaFor PET Imaging in PAN Cancer (FORPAN), sponsored and planned by PentixaPharm. TAB received Grant/research support: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Siemens, Consultant: Bracco, BTR, Guerbet, Siemens, Novartis, Roche/Chugai, Speakers Bureau: Bracco, BTR, Guerbet, Siemens, Novartis, Roche/Chugai. RAW has received speaker honoraria from Novartis/AAA and PentixaPharm, reports advisory board work for Novartis/AAA and Bayerand is involved in [ 68 Ga]PentixaFor PET Imaging in PAN Cancer (FORPAN), sponsored and planned by PentixaPharm. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.