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Authors
Horiuchi, Sari https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6105-7033
Kudo, Yukumitsu
Kawano, Kotaro
Sugihara, Takahiko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7181-7494
Nakaoka, Yoshikazu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8404-2587
Sakai, Ryoko https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1640-1373
Akazawa, Manabu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4112-6035
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23K09729)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23K09729)
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Article History
Received: 7 December 2025
Accepted: 15 February 2026
First Online: 28 February 2026
Declarations
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: This observational study used only de-identified and anonymized MDV data; therefore, informed consent was not required. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Meiji Pharmaceutical University (approval no. 202325).
: Not applicable.
: SH is an employee of Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. and receives tuition support for part of her doctoral degree program from her company. TS received research grants from Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.; Daiichi Sankyo; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and Ono Pharmaceutical. TS received speaker fees from AbbVie Japan Co., Ltd.; Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Ayumi Pharmaceutical; Bristol Myers Squibb K.K.; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Eli Lilly Japan K.K.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Ono Pharmaceutical; Pfizer Japan Inc.; and Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. YN received consulting fees from AbbVie Japan Co., Ltd.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and lecture fees from AbbVie and Chugai. RS received consulting fees from Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd. MA received funding based on advisory contracts from Astellas Pharma Inc.; Mitsubishi-Tanabe Pharma Co.; Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K.; GlaxoSmithKline K.K.; Merck & Co., Inc.; and Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd.
