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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 4 March 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All participants of this study are consenting adults who have provided permission for their de-identifiable data to be used for research and publications. Each APLC site has local ethics approval for patient recruitment, and to contribute to the centralized APLC dataset. Individual centres obtain written informed consent in accordance with their local authority regarding ethical conduct of human research. Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee approved storage of the central dataset in Monash University's secure servers and statistical analyses using collective data (MUHREC Project ID 18778).

: Not applicable.

: Joanna Kent – has received speaker fees/honoraria from CSL Seqiris Xiaomeng Xu – is employed by GSK and hold financial equities in GSK Arushi Ramnarain – None Worawit Louthrenoo – None Vera Golder – None Laniyati Hamijoyo – None Shue-Fen Luo – None Yeong-Jian Jan Wu – None Yi-Hsing Chen – None Jiacai Cho – None Aisha Lateef – None Shirley Chan – None Chak Sing Lau – None Sandra Navarra – has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Biogen, payment for lectures from AstraZeneca, GSK, Otsuka and Viatris, has participated in advisory boards for Biogen Leonid Zamora – None Haihong Yao—None Sargunan Sockalingam – None BMDB Basnayake – None Yanjie Hao – None Zhuoli Zhang – has received payment/honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca K.K., Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Janssen, UCB Pharma, and has participated in advisory boards for Beigene Ltd. Madelynn Chan – None Chuanhui Xu – None Sang-Cheol Bae – is supported in part by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1A6A1A03038899). Yasuhiro Katsumata – has received payment/honoraria from Asahi Kasei Pharma, AstraZeneca K.K., Astellas Pharma Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, GSK K.K., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Pfizer Japan Inc. and Sanofi K.K. Jun Kikuchi – None Yuko Kaneko – None Tsutomu Takeuchi – None Shereen Oon – received speaker fees from Astra Zeneca and The Limbic Sean O’Neill – None Geraldine Hassett – None Fiona Goldblatt – is a Director on the Board of the Australian Rheumatology Association Yih Jia Poh – None Mark Sapsford – None Nicola Tugnet – None Kristine (Pek Ling) Ng – None Cherica Tee – None Michael Tee – None Yusuke Miyazaki—None Naoaki Ohkubo – None Yoshiya Tanaka – None Mandana Nikpour – has received an Investigator Grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC GNT1176538), research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and Janssen, consulting fees from AstraZeneca and GSK; honoraria for presentations from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and GSK, and support for conference attendance from Boehringer Ingelheim. Alberta Hoi – has received a research grant from AstraZeneca, consulting fees from EUSA Pharma (UK) and speaker fees/honoraria from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Limbic, Moose Republic and Novartis. Aldo A Navarro Rojas – is employed by GSK and hold financial equities in GSK Eric Morand – has received consulting fees from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, and EMD Serono Research in context. Rangi Kandane-Rathnayake—has received grants from BMS, Janssen, GSK and Novartis.